Method and apparatus for second order intercept point (ip2) calibration

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus is provided. The apparatus a processor configured to generate a first square wave, generate a second square wave, wherein the first square wave and the second square wave are driven by a reference frequency oscillator, modulate a radio frequency wave with the first square wave, downconvert the modulated radio frequency wave to an intermediate frequency, filter the downconverted modulated radio frequency wave, convert the filtered downconverted modulated radio frequency wave to a digital signal, and integrate the digital signal.

PRIORITY

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/316,047, which was filed in theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 31, 2016, the entire content ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to global navigation satellitesystem (GNSS) receivers, and more particularly, to a method andapparatus for second order intercept point (IP2) calibration.

BACKGROUND

Users of electronic devices require increasing functionality in theapplications and services provided by the electronic devices andcommunication networks used to connect those devices. Providing reliablelocation based services simultaneously with high bandwidth cellular dataservices is of increasing importance for user satisfaction. One of thechallenges faced by the GNSS receivers which support location basedservices in electronic devices is to increase the signal processingperformance of the GNSS receivers in the presence of strong interferencesignals generated by the cellular uplink transmitters and miscellaneousclock sources in the electronic device.

SUMMARY

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method and apparatus forcalibration of the receive signal path in GNSS receivers in the presenceof blocking interference resulting from uplink cellular radiotransmissions and other clock sources.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure an apparatus isprovided. The apparatus includes a processor configured to generate afirst square wave, generate a second square wave, wherein the firstsquare wave and the second square wave are driven by a referencefrequency oscillator, modulate a radio frequency wave with the firstsquare wave, downconvert the modulated radio frequency wave to anintermediate frequency, filter the downconverted modulated radiofrequency wave, convert the filtered downconverted modulated radiofrequency wave to a digital signal, and integrate the digital signal.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure a method is provided.The method includes generating a first square wave by a referencefrequency oscillator, amplitude modulating a radio frequency wave withthe first square wave, downconverting the modulated radio frequency waveto an intermediate frequency, filtering the downconverted modulatedradio frequency wave, converting the filtered downconverted modulatedradio frequency wave to a digital signal, and integrating the digitalsignal.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure a chipset for receivingglobal navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals is provided. Thechipset configured to generate a square wave, modulate a radio frequencywave with the square wave, downconvert the modulated radio frequencywave to an intermediate frequency, filter the downconverted modulatedradio frequency wave, convert the filtered downconverted modulated radiofrequency wave to a digital signal, and integrate the digital signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the presentdisclosure will become more apparent from the following detaileddescription, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic device in a networkenvironment, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a GNSS receiver, according to an embodimentof the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram for calibrating a GNSS receiver,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates a method of integrating digital signals, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG, 5 illustrates a plot of I and Q accumulator outputs, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates a plot of digital to analog converter (DAC) commandsvs. detected error, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates another plot of digital to analog converter (DAC)commands vs. detected error, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates a plot of I and Q DAC codes corresponding to I and Qmixer imbalance, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;and

FIG. 9 illustrates a state machine for a method of measuring I and Qmixer imbalance in a GNSS receiver, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of thepresent disclosure are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodiedin many different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the device and method to those skilled in the art.In the drawings, the size and relative sizes of layers and regions maybe exaggerated for clarity. Like reference numbers refer to likeelements throughout.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being“connected” or “coupled” to another element, it may be directlyconnected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may bepresent. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directlyconnected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are nointervening elements present. As used herein, the term “and/or”includes, but is not limited to, any and all combinations of one or moreof the associated listed items.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, and otherterms may be used herein to describe various elements, these elementsshould not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used todistinguish one element from another. For example, a first signal may bereferred to as a second signal, and, similarly, a second signal may bereferred to as a first signal without departing from the teachings ofthe disclosure.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the presentdevice and method. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and“the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless thecontext clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood thatthe terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes, but is notlimited to” and/or “including, but not limited to” when used in thisspecification, specify the presence of stated features, regions,integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do notpreclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including, but not limited totechnical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meanings ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thepresent device and method belongs. It will be further understood thatterms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having meanings that are consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and/or the present description, and willnot be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unlessexpressly so defined herein.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic device in a networkenvironment, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 1, an electronic device 100 includes, but is notlimited to, a communication block 110, a processor 120, a memory 130, adisplay 150, an input/output block 160, an audio block 170, atransceiver 180 and a satellite transmitter 181.

The electronic device 100 includes, a communication block 110 forconnecting the device 100 to another electronic device or a network forcommunication of voice and data. The communication block 110 providescellular, wide area, local area, personal area, near field, device todevice (D2D), machine to machine (M2M), satellite and short rangecommunications. The functions of the communication block 110, or aportion thereof including the GNSS receiver 119, may be implemented by achipset. In particular, the cellular communications block 112 provides awide area network connection through terrestrial base transceiverstations or directly to other electronic devices, using technologiessuch as D2D, M2M, long term evolution (LTE), fifth generation (5G), longterm evolution advanced (LTE-A), code division multiple access (CDMA),wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), universal mobiletelecommunications system (UMTS), wireless broadband (WiBro), and globalsystem for mobile communication (GSM). The cellular communications block112 includes, but is not limited to, a chipset and a transceiver 113.The wireless fidelity (WiFi) communications block 114 provides a localarea network connection through network access points using technologiessuch as IEEE 802.11. The Bluetooth communications block 116 providespersonal area direct and networked communications using technologiessuch as IEEE 802.15. The near field communications (NFC) block 118provides point to point short range communications using standards suchas ISO/IEC 14443. The communication block 110 also includes, a GNSSreceiver 119. The GNSS receiver 119 may support receiving signals fromthe satellite transmitter 181. The satellite transmitter 181 may beassociated with at least one of, for example, a global positioningsystem (GPS), a global navigation satellite system (Glonass), a Beidounavigation satellite system (Beidou), and a European globalsatellite-based navigation system (Galileo), The GNSS receiver 119provides for receiving satellite signals in order to compute theabsolute position, velocity, acceleration and time of the electronicdevice 100. The GNSS receiver 119 may include at least one of aprocessor, a receiver, a low noise amplifier, a downconverter, a mixer,a DAC, an analog to digital converter (ADC), a temperature measuringdevice, a filter, an accumulator, a calibration circuit, a storage, areference frequency oscillator (such as a temperature compensatedcrystal oscillator (TCXO) a temperature sensed crystal, or a barecrystal with no temperature sensor), a square wave generator, a ringoscillator, a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), and a basebandintegrated circuit (BBIC). The electronic device 100 may receiveelectrical power for operating the functional blocks from a powersupply, including, but not limited to a battery. The transceiver 180 maybe a part of a terrestrial base transceiver station (ex. cellular basestation (BTS)) and include a radio frequency transmitter and receiverconforming to cellular standards.

The processor 120 provides application layer processing functionsrequired by the user of the electronic device 100. The processor 120also provides command and control functionality for the various blocksin the electronic device 100. The processor 120 provides for updatingcontrol functions required by the functional blocks. The processor 120may provide for coordination of resources required by the transceiver113 including, but not limited to communication control between thefunctional blocks. The processor 120 may also update the firmware,databases, lookup tables, calibration method programs and librariesassociated with the GNSS receiver 119. The cellular communications block112 may also have a local processor or a chipset which dedicatescomputing resources to the GNSS receiver 119 and other functional blocksrequired for satellite signal reception.

The memory 130 provides storage for device control program code, userdata storage, application code and data storage. The memory 130 mayprovide data storage for the firmware, libraries, databases, lookuptables, I and Q mixer imbalance data and other calibration data requiredby the GNSS receiver 119. The databases may include look up tables, andthe like. The program code and databases required by the GNSS receiver119 may be loaded into local storage within the GNSS receiver 119 fromthe memory 130 upon device boot up. The GNSS receiver 119 may also havelocal, volatile and non-volatile memory for storing the program code,libraries, databases, calibration data and lookup table data.

The display 150 may be a touch panel, and may be embodied as an LCD,LED, OLED, AMOLED, and the like. The input/output block 160 controls theinterface to the user of the electronic device 100. The audio block 170provides for audio input and output to/from the electronic device 100.

The GNSS receiver 119 receives satellite signals from the satellitetransmitter 181 which are very weak and below the thermal noise level ofthe GNSS receiver 119. Since the received satellite signals which carrythe information required for computing navigation parameters is obscuredwithin the noise, in the absence of blocking signals, the dynamic rangeof the receiver components within the GNSS receiver 119 is determined bythermal noise statistics. In other words, the linearity requirements ofthe GNSS receiver 119 components are not stringent. However, strongblocking (interference) signals such as those due to the transmission ofcellular uplink signals from the cellular transceiver 113 may severelydesensitize the receiver components within the GNSS receiver 119 due tononlinear conversions. Therefore, in order to minimize the performanceimpact to the GNSS receiver 119 in the presence of strong blockers suchas cellular uplink transmission signals, the linearity characteristicsof the GNSS receiver 119 need to be optimized

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a calibrationmethod for reducing the second order non-linearity in the GNSS receiver119 reduces the impact of blockers such as the transmission of cellularuplink signals from the cellular transceiver 113 on GNSS signalreception.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a GNSS receiver, according to an embodimentof the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2, a primary contributor of the second ordernon-linearity within the receiver components of the GNSS receiver 119are the mixers 212, 214 which provide a down conversion of the frequencyof the signal. The mixers 212, 214 convert the amplified radio frequency(RF) input signal into an intermediate frequency (IF). The mixers 212,214 may be alternating current (AC) coupled and well-balanced resultingin favorable second order non-linearity characteristics. However,imbalance in the mixers 212, 214 may result in unfavorable non-linearitycharacteristics. The mixers 212, 214 form a complex mixer which producea complex signal including two output channels IF I and IF Qrespectively, where I represents an in-phase signal and Q represents aquadrature signal out of phase by 90 degrees from the I signal. Mixer212 receives a local oscillator input (LO) I and mixer 214 receives alocal oscillator input (LO) Q. The LO I and LO Q signals are of the samefrequency and duty cycle with a phase shift of 90 degrees between thetwo signals.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the imbalances inthe mixers 212, 214 are reduced by controlling the mixers throughproviding direct current (DC) analog biasing signals produced by digitalto analog converters (DAC) 220, 222. Alternatively the biasing signalsmay be added to the LO I and LO Q signals. The LO I and LO Q signalshave suitable rise and fall times to provide LO variation of time-highand time-low as seen at the mixers switching thresholds, The LO dutycycle may have the same effect on adjusting IP2 as mixer bias controls.

Programming of the DACs 220, 222 produces the DC analog biasing signals.The calibration method described below results in determining theoptimal DAC codes that produce the DC analog bias signals to the mixers212, 214 which minimizes the mixer imbalance resulting in minimizedsecond order products produced by the mixers 212 214. Due to theimplementation and circuit topology of the mixers, DC bias signals tothe mixers 212, 214 from the DACs 220, 222 will also affect theimbalance of the other mixer. Such cross-coupling effects have to betaken account of in an effective IIP2 calibration method. Therefore, thecalibration method for finding the optimum DAC codes which produce theoptimum bias signals for both mixers requires a method which considersthe cross-coupling interaction between the mixers. Further, the optimumDAC codes may be a function of other variables including, but notlimited to, die temperature of the IC, process variation in themanufacturing of the IC, and power supply fluctuation. The calibrationmethod for balancing the mixers 212, 214 may be executed at power up,reboot of the GNSS receiver 119 or when the temperature conditionschange more than a predefined threshold. A local temperature measurementdevice may monitor the temperature of the GNSS receiver 119 to assist indetermining when recalibration is required.

The non-linearity characteristic of receiver components in the GNSSreceiver 119 may be modeled as a transform (or a function) as shown inEquation (1) below:

f(x)=a0+a1*x+a2*x2+a3*x3+ . . .   (1)

Within the GNSS receiver 119, the higher order coefficients of Equation(1) may be relatively small compared to a1. In a perfectly balanced,AC-coupled implementation, the even coefficients (a0, a2, . . . ) arezero, and the dominant contributor to the non-linearity is the thirdorder term a3. However, it is difficult to achieve no imbalance, andtherefore, the second order term also contributes to performancedegradation due to non-linearity. The imbalance is particularly severein zero-IF and low-IF receivers. Further, second order non-linearity maycause a strong direct current (DC) and second order intermodulationproduct (IM2), which may degrade the IF signal quality.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, using Equation (1)as a model for the non-linearity characteristic of the GNSS receiver119, the calibration method disclosed herein modifies the balance terma2. of Equation (1) by determining the optimum codes for DACs 220, 222,which produce DC biasing voltages provided to the mixers 212, 214 thatminimizes the imbalance in the mixers 212, 214. The calibration methodminimizes the term a2 by adjusting the DAC codes which provide the DCbias voltages to the mixers 212, 214.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the GNSS receiver 119includes an RF receiver chip 200 and a baseband chip 201. In anembodiment of the present disclosure, the functionality of the RFreceiver chip 200 and the functionality of the baseband chip 201 arecombined into a single chip. The interface between the RF receiver chip200 and the baseband chip 201 may include analog intermediate frequency(IF) signals and a digital RF control channel. The digital RF controlchannel enables control messages and data to be transferred between theRF chip 200 and the baseband chip 200. The RF control channel unit 224in the RF chip communicates with the RF control channel unit 228 in thebaseband chip to transfer the control messages and data. The presentmethod minimizes the pin count required between the RE receiver chip 200and the baseband chip 201 by using a single reference frequencyoscillator 226 (e.g., a temperature compensated crystal oscillator(TCXO)) and providing the output of the reference frequency oscillator226 to both the RF receiver chip 200 and the baseband chip 201.

The GNSS receiver 119 includes a test signal path and a sense andcontrol signal path. The calibration method of the GNSS receiver 119uses both the test signal path and the sense and control signal path.Within the test signal path, a square wave generated by the square wavegenerator 202 amplitude modulates an RF ring oscillator 204 to providethe test signal. The test signal is fed from the RF ring oscillator 204to the low noise amplifier (LNA) 206 through the RE switch 205. Duringperformance of the calibration method, the RF switch 205 is closed toallow the test signal to pass through to the LNA and power is suppliedfrom the oscillator power supply to the square wave generator 202. toturn on the test signal. During normal operation of the GNSS receiver(non-calibration mode), the RF switch 205 is open to minimizedisturbance of tuning the receive signals at the LNA input. In addition,the test signal power is turned off. Thus, no test signal is generated.During calibration, the RF switch 205 is closed. The oscillatorfrequency from the RF ring oscillator 204 may be calibrated with afrequency counter 208 when the modulation from the square wave generator202 is turned off, in order to adjust the frequency from the RF ringoscillator 204 to be in a suitable out-of-band frequency (the frequencyof the RF ring oscillator is sufficiently far from the frequency bandthe GNSS receiver receives during normal operation) so that thedown-converted carrier will not saturate the filters 216, 218 and theADCs 232, 234. The modulated signal from the RF ring oscillator 204 isinput to the low noise amplifier (LNA) 206, but may alternatively beconnected to the LNA 206 output, thereby bypassing the LNA 206amplification stage.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a two-tone sourcemay be used in place of the square wave AM modulated ring oscillator204. The RF I and RF Q mixers 212, 214 may down-convert the signalsusing the RF local oscillator 210. The I and Q mixers 212, 214 may beimbalanced and generate a square wave at their outputs. The I and Qmixers 212, 214. output are amplified and filtered by the filters 216,218 in the RF receiver chip 200. The filters 216, 218 prevent thedown-converted test RF signal from reaching the baseband chip 201, butthe AM square wave is in-band because the AM test frequency is in-bandand the test RF frequency is out-of-band. The LNA 206 and I and Q mixers212, 214 are wide band. After amplifying and filtering the analog IFsignals, the analog IF signals are output from the RF receiver chip 200and input to the baseband chip 201. In the baseband chip 201, the analogIF signals are converted to digital signals, digitized IF-I anddigitized IF-Q, by the ADCs 232, 234. The ADCs 232, 234. convert theanalog signals to digital signals at a rate controlled by the sampleclock generator 230. To facilitate computation, the ADC sampling rate ischosen to be an integer multiple of the AM rate. In an embodiment of thepresent disclosure, the functionality of the RF receiver chip 200 andthe functionality of the baseband chip 201 are combined into a singlechip

In the baseband chip 201, the digitized IF-I signal from ADC 234 iselectrically coupled to synchronous integrators 236, 246 and thedigitized IF-Q signal from ADC 232 is electrically coupled tosynchronous integrators 238, 244. The synchronous integrators 236, 238,244 and 246 are clocked at the AM rate and function as bandpass filterscentered at the AM frequency with a bandwidth of 1/integration time. Byusing long accumulations the effective signal to noise ratio performanceof the calibration method may be improved. The synchronous integratorsaccumulation length may be 2̂n cycles of the AM clock frequency. Eachpair of synchronous integrators 236, 246 and 238, 244 use an AM I clockand an AM Q clock. The AM I and AM Q clocks have a 90 degree phasedifference and are clocked at the AM clock rate. The synchronousintegrators may alternatively be embodied as a Goertzel algorithm. TheGoertzel algorithm is a reduced computational complexity fast Fouriertransform which detects a single frequency.

The following describes the sense and control path of the calibrationmethod. Referring to FIG. 2, the microcontroller 240 (or anotherprocessor such as a dedicated state machine) combines the outputs of theAM I and AM Q synchronous integrator pair. The microcontroller 240measures the combined outputs of the AM I and AM Q synchronousintegrator pair which is independent of the phase error between the testsignal modulation phase and the synchronous integrator clock phase. Thismeasurement is done separately for the RF I and RF Q channels.

The microcontroller 240 performs a search for minimization of the mixerimbalance by adjusting the I DAC 220 and the Q DAC 222 so that thebalance of both mixers 212, 214 is simultaneously minimized even thoughthe RF I and RF Q mixers dynamically interact with each other due tonon-perfect isolation of the two mixers that is typical in passivemixers. Adjusting the balance of one mixer alone may cause the balancepoint of the other mixer to change even though the DAC setting of theother mixer was not changed. According to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure, the simultaneous adjustment of the DACs 220, 222 results inthe minimization of the mixer imbalance.

The calibration signal is a square wave which on/off modulates an out ofband carrier. The square wave modulation signal may be at a frequency of6.5 MHz and may be generated by the square wave generator 202 dividingthe 26 MHz signal from the reference frequency oscillator 226 by 4.Therefore, the 6.5 MHz signal may he generated in both the RF receiverchip 200 and the baseband chip 201. However, the phases of the signalsoutput from the square wave generators 202, 242 may not be identical orrepeatable. For example, a divide-by-4 circuit such as the square wavegenerator 202 or 204 may have 4 phases of output depending on flip-flopstartup timing and reference frequency oscillator 226 phasing. Thepresent method does not require correct phasing of the clock in the RFreceiver chip 200 and in the baseband chip 201.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the calibration ofthe GNSS receiver 119 does not require passing a clock AM signal betweenthe baseband chip 201 and the RF receiver chip 200. Further, thecalibration method does not require a group delay calibration in orderto synchronize the clock signals between the baseband chip 201 and theRF receiver chip 200. The AM frequency of 6.5 MHz is separatelygenerated in the baseband chip 201 and the RF receiver chip 200. Thefrequency dividers 202, 242 in the RF receiver chip 200 and the basebandchip 201 respectively, may have a different phase of a 6.5 MHz outputwith no degradation of the calibration performance. It is noted that thepresent system and method is applicable where the functionality of theRF receiver chip 200 and the functionality of the baseband chip 201 areon a single chip, without deviating from the scope of the presentdisclosure.

The choice of AM frequency includes, but is not limited to, 6.5 MHz.However, the AM frequency must be the same in the baseband chip 201 andthe RF receiver chip 200. The AM frequency must also be within thebandwidth of the IF range. A divided reference frequency oscillator 226signal satisfies these requirements. The present method does not requirea controlled phase relationship of the AM modulation between thebaseband chip 201 and the RF receiver chip 200 but still provides highcalibration performance,

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram for calibrating a GNSS receiver,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 3, a square wave is generated at a frequency of 6.5MHz by dividing the 26 MHz clock from the reference frequency oscillator226 by 4 in frequency divider 304. The 6.5 MHz signal and an oscillationfrequency of 1750 MHz provided by a ring oscillator 302 are fed asinputs into an OR gate or an AND gate (not shown in FIG. 3) within thering oscillator 302. The output of the OR gate (or AND gate) within thering oscillator 302 is an AM on/off modulated signal, with a carrierfrequency at 1750 MHz carrier signal (switched on and off) at an AM rateof 6.5 MHz. The AM on/off modulated signal is then fed into the input ofthe LNA 318. The output of the LNA 318 is fed into the I/Q mixer 306.The I/Q mixer 306 is also fed with a frequency of 1582.7 MHz at its LO(local oscillator) ports. Therefore, the first order output signal fromthe I/Q mixer 306 has a component at 167.3 MHz. The second order outputhas a component at 6.5 MHz. Further, the low pass filter and high passfilter (LPF+HPF) 308 receives the output from the I/Q mixer 306 andrejects the fundamental and higher harmonics frequencies. The firstharmonic and the third harmonic frequencies of the 6.5 MHz square wavefall within the baseband frequency range. The first harmonic and thethird harmonic frequencies of the 6.5 MHz square wave along with theattenuated DC signal and higher order harmonics are provided as inputsto the I/Q ADC 310. Accumulator 1 312 measures the I output of the I/QADC 310 and accumulator 2 314 measures the Q output of the I/Q ADC 310.The calibration finite state machine IP2 cal FSM 316 determines therelative imbalance of the I and Q mixer 306 and provides a biasingsignal to the I and Q mixer 306 which minimizes the imbalance.

The input to the LNA 318 may be modeled as a signal described byEquation (2) below:

x(t)=s(t).cos(wrot)   (2)

where, wro=2*pi*1750e6 and s(t) is the square wave signal output fromthe frequency divider 304.

Let the mixer's LO frequency be denoted as wlo, and the expected outputsignal from the I/Q mixer 306, neglecting the phase and the detailsrelated to complex vs. real mixer, may be modeled by Equation (3) below:

y(t)=x(t).cos(wlot)   (3)

The expected output of interest is modeled by Equation (4) below:

y(t)=s(t).cos(wt)   (4)

where, w=wro−wlo=167.3 MHz.

However, assuming the non-linearity model of the IQ mixer 306 describedin Equation (1) above, the actual output of the I/Q mixer 306 willcontain a second order term in addition to y(t).

Applying Equation (1), a signal is modeled as z(t)=a1*y(t)+a2*y2(t)after neglecting the higher order terms.

Therefore, the second order non-linearity component may be expressed asa2*s2(t)cos2(wt). The only component of interest in z(t) would then bea2*s2(t) since 2w=335 MHz is far from the LPF cutoff frequency and isfiltered by the LPF+HPF 308 filter.

H, the signal of interest near baseband is a2*s2(t), which is a squarewave or equivalently, an on/off signal with a 50% duty cycle. However,due to the LPF+HPF 308 filter, the component of the square wave and thehigh order harmonics are attenuated. As a result, the baseband chip 201will be provided with a low pass filtered square wave as an input.

FIG. 4 illustrates a method of integrating digital signals, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the ADC output waveform 402, which is inputto the baseband chip 201, is a signal represented as a zero-DC squarewave with amplitude A. The requirement to provide a known phase of thereceived AM signal in the baseband chip 201 is avoided by having twoaccumulators that are offset by a quarter period (90 degree phaseshift), and thereby deriving an amplitude measurement which isphase-independent as shown in FIG. 5, where the amplitude equal tomagnitude (AM I)+magnitude (AM Q) is a constant and independent ofphase.

FIG. 4 illustrates the timing error, denoted as t, between the firstaccumulator's phase and the signal of interest. The period of the 6.5MHz square wave is denoted as T and is equal to 154 ns. The twoaccumulator outputs 404, 406 are phase shifted by T/4. In particular, anaccumulator that sums up and down synchronously, yields an output ofA*T. The up/down accumulator is adding and subtracting therebyeffectively removing any DC component and providing rejection of lowfrequency noise such as flicker noise. The synchronous integrators mayaccumulate up during the high half-cycle portion of the clock andaccumulate down during low half-cycle portion of the 6.5 MHz AM clock.The advantage of this accumulation method is to strongly reject a DCoffset and low frequency noise appearing at the ADC outputs. Thesynchronous integrators may alternatively be implemented as accumulateup/none/down/none during successive ¼ cycles of the AM clock as shown inaccumulator outputs 408 and 410. When using accumulator outputs 408 and410, the number of operations per cycle of AM I plus AM Q is reducedfrom 12 operations to 8 add/subtracts per cycle of 6.5 MHz AM at an ADCsample rate of 52 MHz.

FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the output value of theaccumulators and the time offset between the signal of interest and thefirst accumulator in a noise free setting. A quadrature pair ofdetectors acquire the phase and determine which one of the four groups(0, T/4), (T/4, T/2), (T/2, 3T/4), (3T/4, T) that the phase belongs in.Once the group is determined, the two accumulator outputs may becombined coherently. Because the coherently calculated amplitude may beeither positive or negative, the calibration method keeps track if theerror is positive or negative to force the amplitude to zero.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-coherentcombining in the last stage is executed which reduces computationalcomplexity. In this approach the metric, X is modeled by Equation (5)below:

X=|X1|+|X2|  (5)

In a synchronous system, the objective function has positive andnegative values, and the method seeks to find the zero crossing. In asynchronous combining technique, the objective function is zero whenproperly calibrated but may result in positive or negative values whennot properly calibrated. As a result, the goal is to find a zerocrossing. An alternate non-coherent combining method according toEquation (5) above may yield better calibration performance whencompared to non-coherent combining as the DAC code approaches theoptimum setting since the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the signal ofinterest is low and therefore the measurement is biased by noise. Thealternate method performs asynchronous coherent accumulation on twophase offset integrators, whose outputs are then non-coherentlycombined. A non-coherent accumulation technique may have lowerperformance in low signal to noise ratio environments. A hardware statemachine may be used to implement the two methods of coherent andnon-coherent combining of the synchronous integrator outputs.

FIG. 6 illustrates a plot of digital to analog converter (DAC) commandsvs. detected error, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a coherentcombining method may be used to combine the two accumulator outputs.Referring to FIG. 6, the accumulator output metrics are signed (positiveor negative) and therefore a binary search technique may be used tolocate the zero crossing point which corresponds to the minimum detectederror and the optimum DAC codes. The sign must be maintained in thismethod and requires the calculation of 4-quadrant phase. Pseudo code forexecuting the coherent combining method is shown below:

DAC_CODE=0;

FOR (i=5: i>=0; i--)

IF (ACC_OUT_METRIC>=0)

DAC_CODE=DAC_CODE−(1<<i);

ELSE

DAC_CODE=DAC_CODE+(1<<i);

Therefore, determining the sign of the accumulator output is sufficientto find the optimum DAC code.

FIG. 7 illustrates another plot of digital to analog converter (DAC)commands vs. detected error, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

A sample objective function is shown in FIG. 7. The detected error shownin FIG. 7 is the accumulator output after non-coherent combining. FIG. 7illustrates that non-coherent combining yields only positive values, theoptimal DAC code yields a zero value and that larger errors from theoptimal DAC code yields a larger combined value. While synchronouscombining may benefit from monotonicity and use an efficient searchtechnique, in the non-coherent combining technique, a coarse searchfollowed by one or more fine searches is required in order to determinethe optimal DAC code. The convergence shown in FIG. 7 illustrates acoarse search, followed. by finer resolution searches.

When mixer 212 or mixer 214 is adjusted independent of the other, theoptimal adjustment of the other mixer is no longer correct due toimperfect isolation of the signals in the complex mixers in the RFreceiver chip 200. Therefore, the optimal I and Q DAC settings aredetermined by the minimum synchronous receiver amplitude point on a2-dimensional surface, and this global minimum may be different from twoindependent 1-dimensional minimization functions.

FIG. 8 illustrates a plot of I and Q DAC codes corresponding to I and Qmixer imbalance, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the calibrationmethod provides an efficient global search for optimal DAC settingswhich provide a DC bias voltage to I and Q mixers which minimizes theimbalance in the mixers in a GNSS receiver 119. Referring to FIG. 8, theresults of the global search method is plotted. The amount of IP2distortion product at 6.5 MHz in relative decibels is plotted againstDAC I settings from 0 to 127 and DAC Q settings from 0 to 127.

The calibration method overcomes the problem of large memory and latencyrequirements needed for a comprehensive point-by-point, 2-dimensionalsearch. A global search for optimal DAC settings may be simplified whenthe function is relatively smooth, which is usually the case for complexRF mixer cross-coupling. An IP2 function which is completely random withno discernable shape must be completely searched for all combinations ofDAC I and DAC Q to find the lowest IP2. If the IP2 function is noiselessand has a negative gradient for all combinations of DAC I and DAC Q,then a gradient descent algorithm will determine the best IP2. Anefficient gradient-descent algorithm may stop at a local minimum butnever determine the global minimum. A two-step method which is moreefficient than a global search will not converge to a wrong localminimum if the global shape is modestly smooth. The present methodovercomes large-scale gradient reversals. The present method includes atwo-step global search. The first search step is a coarse setting searchfollowed by a fine setting second search step. The ratio of coarsesetting search and fine setting search may be pre-establishedempirically through prior experimentation. The ratio of coarse settingsearch to fine setting search may include, but is not limited to, aratio of 8. For each measurement point a pair of DAC settings is storedin memory. The resolution of the DAC (number of DAC bits) may vary. Thestep size for successive DACs settings may also vary. The length ofsynchronous integration may also be adjusted differently between coarsesetting search and fine setting search. The number of sub-searches (finesettings) may also be larger than 2 while using larger sub-steps. A2-step example of an efficient global DAC setting search method isdescribed below in the following operations:

Initialize DAC I 220 setting=0 and DAC Q 222 setting=0

Create two tables in memory corresponding to the coarse and finesettings. The table for the coarse settings includes 128 memorylocations of 8 bits each. The two indices to the memory locations arethe DAC I 220 setting value and the DAC Q 222 setting value. The memorycell entries are the final adjusted amplitude values from the GNSSreceiver 119.

Determine the data required to fill the coarse setting table.

Measure the GNSS receiver 119 amplitude and store the value of theamplitude in the table location corresponding to coarse index=(0, 0).The amplitude will correspond to a DAC Q 222 setting of 0 and a DAC I220 setting of 0.

Increment the DAC Q 222. setting by steps of 8 from value 0 to 127 whilestoring each measured amplitude for the 0 index DAC 1220 into the coarsetable indices (0, 0 to 7).

Increment DAC 1220 by 8 and repeat step b until the DAC I 220setting=127. For each setting of DAC 1220, fill in the appropriate rowof the coarse table by each value of receiver amplitude measured for DACQ 222 from 0 to 15*8 in steps of 8.

Search for the best (lowest) amplitude value in the coarse table andstore the indices. The stored indices are referred to as indices C_I andC_Q.

Initialize the fine setting memory table. The memory space for thecourse setting table may be reused for the fine setting table.Initialize the DACs to DAC 1220=16*C_−8 and DAC Q 222 to 16*C_Q−8. Thus,the fine global search starts at ½ coarse step below the best coarselocation for both DAC I 220 and DAC Q 222 settings assuring the searchmethod won't miss the fine-steps best settings because the coarse valuemay be have an error equal to +/−½ step.

Determine the data required to fill the fine setting table.

Measure the GNSS receiver 119 amplitude and store the value of theamplitude in the table location corresponding to fine index=(0, 0).

Increment DAC Q 222 by steps of 1 from 0 to 15 and store each amplitudein the fine table.

Increment DAC I 220 by steps of 1 from 0 to 15 and for each step repeatb. above, storing the amplitude values in the appropriate index (DAC I,DAC Q) location.

When the fine table entry is completed, determine the index pair (IBest, Q Best) with the lowest amplitude.

Set the final global optimum values as DAC Global=8*Course Offset+BestFine (for I and Q)

FIG. 9 illustrates a state machine for a method of measuring I and Qmixer imbalance in a GNSS receiver, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Referring to FIG. 9, at Step 0 a starting DAC codeis determined for each of the I and Q paths. At steps 1-4 multiplevalues of I and Q DAC codes are determined to cover the range of allpossible DAC code combinations. At Step 1, coherent up/down or up/noneaccumulation is performed on synchronous integrators 236, 238, 246 and248 until a set duration of accumulation is complete. At Step 2, whenthe accumulation is completed, perform non-coherent combining onaccumulator values from synchronous integrators 236, 246 and fromsynchronous integrators 238, 244, At Step 3, determine the next value ofthe DAC code on either the I or Q paths and repeat Steps 1 and 2. AtStep 4, after completing Steps 1 and 2 using all of the I and Q DACcodes with a coarse resolution, Steps 1 to 3 are performed using a fineresolution of I and Q DAC codes in a range around the I and Q DAC codesthat produced the lowest combined value of I and Q mixer imbalance.

While the present disclosure has been particularly shown and describedwith reference to certain embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form anddetails may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present disclosure as defined by the following claims and theirequivalents.

1. An electronic device comprising: a processor configured to: generatea first square wave; generate a second square wave, wherein the firstsquare wave and the second square wave are driven by a referencefrequency oscillator; modulate a radio frequency wave with the firstsquare wave; downconvert the modulated radio frequency wave to anintermediate frequency; filter the downconverted modulated radiofrequency wave; convert the filtered downconverted modulated radiofrequency wave to a digital signal; and integrate the digital signal. 2.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein downconverting the modulatedradio frequency wave comprises providing a DC bias voltage from adigital to analog converter (DAC) to a mixer.
 3. The electronic deviceof claim 2, further comprising determining DAC codes for a first DACproviding a first DC bias voltage to a first mixer and a second DACproviding a second bias voltage to a second mixer, wherein thedetermined DAC codes minimize the imbalances in the first mixer and thesecond mixer.
 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein determiningthe DAC codes for the first DAC and the second DAC which minimizes theimbalances in the first mixer and the second mixer comprises performinga global search.
 5. The electronic device of claim 3, whereindetermining the first and second DAC codes comprises: setting the firstand second DAC codes to zero, measuring and storing the mixer imbalancevalue; incrementing the first and second DAC codes by an integer valueof at least one; repeating the setting, measuring and storing until themaximum DAC code is reached; determining a DAC code range that resultsin a minimized mixer imbalance; repeating the setting, measuring andstoring within the determined DAC code range using an increment of one;and determining the first and second DAC codes associated with theminimum mixer imbalance value.
 6. The electronic device of claim 3,wherein the electronic device is a global navigation satellite system(GNSS) receiver and the GNSS receiver is calibrated using the determinedDAC codes.
 7. The electronic device of claim 6, further comprising atemperature measuring device, wherein the calibration method of the GNSSreceiver is executed when a temperature of the GNSS receiver changesmore than a predefined threshold.
 8. The electronic device of claim 6,wherein the frequency of the radio frequency wave is outside the band ofthe GNSS receiver radio frequency input signal.
 9. The device of claim1, wherein driving the first square wave and the second square wave bythe reference frequency oscillator decreases a pin count on at least oneof a baseband integrated circuit (BBIC) and a radio frequency integratedcircuit (RFIC).
 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the firstsquare wave and the second square wave are out of phase with oneanother.
 11. A method comprising: generating a first square wave by areference frequency oscillator; amplitude modulating a radio frequencywave with the first square wave; downconverting the modulated radiofrequency wave to an intermediate frequency; filtering the downconvertedmodulated radio frequency wave; converting the filtered downconvertedmodulated radio frequency wave to a digital signal; and integrating thedigital signal.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein downconverting themodulated radio frequency wave comprises providing a DC bias voltagefrom a digital to analog converter (DAC) to a mixer.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, further comprising determining DAC codes for a first DACproviding a first DC bias voltage to a first mixer and a second DACproviding a second DC bias voltage to a second mixer, wherein thedetermined DAC codes minimize the imbalances in the first mixer and thesecond mixer.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the firstand second DAC codes comprises: setting the first and second DAC codesto zero, measuring and storing the mixer imbalance value; incrementingthe first and second DAC codes by an integer value of at least one;repeating the setting, measuring and storing until the maximum DAC codeis reached; determining a DAC code range that results in a minimizedmixer imbalance; repeating the setting, measuring and storing within thedetermined DAC code range using an increment of one; and determining thefirst and second DAC codes associated with the minimum mixer imbalance.15. The method of claim 14, wherein a global navigation satellite system(GNSS) receiver is calibrated using the determined DAC codes.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the calibration of the GNSS receiver isexecuted when a temperature of the GNSS receiver changes more than apredefined threshold.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the frequencyof the radio frequency wave is outside the band of the GNSS receiverradio frequency input signal.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein thefirst square wave is generated on a radio frequency integrated circuit(RFIC) and a second square wave is generated on a baseband integratedcircuit (BBIC), wherein the first and second square waves are generatedby the reference frequency oscillator, and the first and second squarewaves are out of phase with one another.
 19. The method of claim 11,wherein integrating the digital signal comprises accumulating thedigital signal over a programmable period of time.
 20. A chipset forreceiving global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, the chipsetconfigured to: generate a square wave; modulate a radio frequency wavewith the square wave; downconvert the modulated radio frequency wave toan intermediate frequency; filter the downconverted modulated radiofrequency wave; convert the filtered downconverted modulated radiofrequency wave to a digital signal; and integrate the digital signal.21. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor isconfigured to generate the first square wave in a first integratedcircuit, and generate the second square wave in a second integratedcircuit.